In Calif. Gold Country, A Rush That's Out Of This World

A section of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, dubbed "Darth Vader," is studied at a lab at the University of California, Davis. The meteorite is made of carbonaceous chondrite, which contains materials that formed the planets of the solar system.

UC Davis A section of the Sutter's Mill meteorite, dubbed "Darth Vader," is studied at a lab at the University of California, Davis. The meteorite is made of carbonaceous chondrite, which contains materials that formed the planets of the solar system.

UC Davis

On the crisp, clear morning of April 22, a 50-ton asteroid slammed into the Earth's atmosphere and shattered into countless pieces. Remarkably, they rained down onto Sutter's Mill, Calif., the exact spot where gold was discovered back in 1848, triggering the gold rush. And so follows a story of serendipity and scientific discovery.

"I was out on my hillside burning some branches and so forth, and I heard this sonic boom," says Gold Country resident Ed Allen. "It wasn't just one boom. It was a series of booms, literally right over my head."

He looked up to see if there was an airplane in distress.

"I did see a small trail of brown dust way up in the upper atmosphere," Allen says. "It was so unremarkable I didn't put the two together."

But within a day he was able to connect the dots. Reports of an impact were all over the local news. And, as his brother Norm explains, it didn't take long to pinpoint where the remnants had landed.

These words all apply to rocks from space, but each has a somewhat different meaning.

Asteroid — A chunk of rock traveling around in outer space, typically orbiting the sun in a zone of rubble called the "asteroid belt," which is between Mars and Jupiter.

Meteor — That's the flash of light you see in the sky when space rock hits the atmosphere. Usually meteors are generated by rock the size of sand or gravel.

Meteoroid — A generic term for a piece of rock, traveling through space. It can be a bit of an asteroid, or a chunk of a comet.

Meteorite — That's the rock you pick up off the ground (if you're really lucky) after a meteoroid lands.

"Apparently the weather radar actually picked it up coming down," Norm Allen says.

And that impact zone just happened to include the Marshall Gold Discovery State Park, where Ed and Norm Allen are volunteer docents. That's the site of Sutter's Mill, where the California gold rush all began. Within days, another rush was on — in a state park that happens to allow visitors to pocket any interesting rocks they might find, gold or otherwise.

"There were professional and semi-professional meteorite hunters out here, as well as just mom and pop with the kids," says Norm Allen. "In fact, one lady was pushing a baby carriage and found one of the bigger pieces that was found, right off the bat."

The biggest chunk was about the size of a fist. And soon professional scientists were on their way.

"It became quickly clear that this was a rather exceptional asteroid impact," says Peter Jenniskens, from the SETI Institute (SETI being the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence).

Jenniskens led the scientific search. First, he instigated the search of weather radar data to pinpoint the landing site. He also collected photographs and video from a few bystanders in the High Sierra. From those his team was able to conclude that the object was apparently a chunk of asteroid, probably weighing 100,000 pounds when it hit the atmosphere, and traveling at a blistering speed — 18 miles a second.

"Because it came in so fast, very little survived," Jenniskens says. "But because it was so big, we still got to find something."

Robert Ward found a piece of the meteorite at a park in Lotus, Calif., on April 25. The 100,000-pound meteorite was blown apart into small pieces as it met the Earth's atmosphere.

Rich Pedroncelli/AP Robert Ward found a piece of the meteorite at a park in Lotus, Calif., on April 25. The 100,000-pound meteorite was blown apart into small pieces as it met the Earth's atmosphere.

Rich Pedroncelli/AP

He hopped into his car and drove up to the park. On his first day of prospecting, he'd been off beating the bushes for hours near Sutter's Mill without luck. He'd given up for the day.

"I'm standing there, waiting for my friend to open the car, a little impatient. Then just a few meters from the car, I see little black rocks on the pavement. And I'm thinking, 'It can't be, can it?' "

But it was — small bits of this unusual space rock. And it was different from the usual meteorites, which look like Earth rock.

"Most meteorite falls we're getting on the Earth are from the terrestrial kind of stuff. Chunks of rock," Jenniskens says. "This is more interesting. This is the type of meteorite that carries organics with it to the Earth, that must have brought in the carbon that you and I are made out of."

It's called a carbonaceous chondrite, which is lighter and more porous than typical meteorites. That means the mineral is very susceptible to water damage once it hits the ground. Scientists were fortunate to have collected chunks so quickly.

"We actually got to see this type of meteorite in a pristine condition, sort of what you would get if you would go to an asteroid in space and you would collect a sample from this type of asteroid," Jenniskens says.

People ultimately collected about two pounds of the Sutter's Mill meteorite. And more than 50 scientists joined up as a consortium to study the rare space rock. Their first report appears in Science magazine.

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The End Of The World, My Way

The Mayans being before my time, I'm too young for their End of the World.

Theirs comes from an ancient calendar that says "the fourteenth baktun" — a new era —will commence on Dec. 21, 2012.

Mine's newer. It comes from Mrs. Elkin, my second grade teacher, who told us how to hide during an atomic bomb attack. None of us had much confidence that sitting under our desks would work, which is why my End of the World makes no reference to calendars. Instead, it comes with a mushroom cloud.

For most of my young life, this is how I thought about The End, and with all due respect to the Mayans, there is something grand, even colossal, about an atomic finish, and here's my proof.

Historian Alex Wellerstein once posted an old video, produced, I presume, by the U.S. military, around 1952. It shows an atomic bomb exploding on the Nevada desert.

Like most bomb blast images, you can see it from a respectful distance, a long stem with a mushroom cloud on top — but this video is different. It includes shots from the ground up, from an ordinary soldier's point of view and on this particular day, there were soldiers there, standing in trenches, watching.

As they look, they get hit by a shock wave...

After which, they are told to leave their trenches and head toward the explosion, which is at that moment rising to the sky directly in front of them. I have never seen — and Alex says these are very rare — an atomic bomb with people so exposed and so close.

Here they are even closer. That's the bottom of the mushroom cloud which now towers above them. "I suddenly get a sense for how big the cloud is," Alex writes, "even though it must be many miles away."

In the video there's a tracking shot that takes you from these soldiers up the column of smoke, higher and higher — it just goes on and on and on — until we reach the cloud on top. As atomic bombs go, this wasn't a big one. So this is a rare look at the immensity of these weapons.

What you can't see, of course, is the horror they cause, the damage this bomb is doing to these soldiers, the damage it could do to homes, cities, animals, people. But oddly, a sense of scale has been missing from most images of an atomic Armageddon. This video is the closest I can get to imagining the immensity of my End of the World.

I don't know what the Mayans imagined for their finish — I'm not expecting to find out on Friday — but this was the nightmare I grew up with. I'm very glad that over the years The End I feared is getting a little less likely — at least I hope it is. _Are you listening Mr. Obama? Mr. Putin? Mr. Netanyahu? Mr.Mukherjee? M. Hollande? Mr. Kim? Mr. Ashraf? Hmm. The list keeps getting longer...)

Here's the video:

Thanks to Alex Wellerstein, historian at the at the American Institute of Physics, whose cold war tales are regularly posted on his Restricted Data: The Nuclear Secrecy Blog. That's where I go when I'm looking to be (metaphorically only), blown away.

And that's where I found this video and his accompanying essay. He called it "In Search of a Sense of Scale."

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